--------------------------------------------------
CSE HTML Validator Professional v5.51 (Unregistered)
Checking "C:\My Documents\User_Data\Tesla1\WebPages\New Page\frames\shrinkergallery.html" (28311 bytes).
File date is Wednesday, April 30, 2003 at 2:23:46 PM.
File checked on Wednesday, April 30, 2003 at 3:25:05 PM.
*** EVALUATION COPY *** EVALUATION COPY *** EVALUATION COPY ***
Number of lines checked: 485 in 1.37 seconds
Number of programs run: 1101
Number of lines in document: 526 (92.2% of lines checked)
Number of lines ignored: 0
Number of character entities: 39
Number of tags: 401
Number of closing tags: 288 (71.8% of tags closed)
Number of <% ... %> sections: 0
Number of HTML comments: 2
Number of validator comments: 9
Number of messages: 53
Number of errors: 20 (first in line 136)
Number of warnings: 20 (first in line 1)
--------------------------------------------------
[CSE] Message number 1:
[72] [73] To disable the section 508 accessibility messages,
disable flag 72. To disable this message, disable flag 73.
1:
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[CSE] Warning number 1 in line 1:2:
[65] This document's DOCTYPE is not a recognized DOCTYPE and
may not be valid. Note that DOCTYPEs are treated as being
case sensitive. For more information and the list of
recognized DOCTYPEs, please visit
http://www.htmlvalidator.com/htmlval/v50/docs/configuration.
html#flag65
2:
3:
4: Bert's Quarter Shrinking and Can Crushing Gallery
5:
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[CSE] Message number 2 for the tag beginning in line 5:44:
[98] Unless another character encoding is required, it is
encouraged that the character set "us-ascii" be used and the
name "us-ascii" be used to specify this character set. This
is the most commonly used character set on the Internet.
6:
7:
8:
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[CSE] Message number 3 for the tag beginning in line 8:37:
[107] The web page description contains 210 characters. AI
Internet Solutions recommends a maximum of 200 characters
(about 25 words). Consider reducing the description's
length.
9:
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[CSE] Message number 4 for the tag beginning in line 9:34:
[107] The keywords contain only 83 characters. AI Internet
Solutions recommends a minimum of 100 characters. The
recommended maximum is 800 characters. Consider increasing
the number of keywords.
10:
11:
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[CSE] Message number 5 for the tag beginning in line 11:7:
[9] The "background", "text", "link", "vlink", and "alink"
attributes for the "body" element are deprecated in HTML
4.01/XHTML in favor of using style sheets (use these CSS
properties and selectors instead: "background-color",
"color", ":link", ":vlink", ":alink").
12:
13:
-------||||||
[CSE] Message number 6 for the tag beginning in line 13:2:
[9] The "center" element is deprecated in HTML 4.01/XHTML in
favor of using style sheets (use the CSS "text-align"
property instead) or "align=center", which works with many
elements. Another option is to use
...
instead of
...
. The
"center" element may become obsolete and unsupported in the
future.
13:
---------------|||||
[CSE] Message number 7 for the tag beginning in line 13:10:
[87] The "table" tag is contained in a "center" tag.
Different browsers may render this very differently. For
example, Internet Explorer 6.0 may center the table cell
content (depending on the DOCTYPE) while Internet Explorer
5.5 does not. However, both will center the table itself. If
you want to center the table, then you should use
"align=center" in the "table" tag.
13:
---------------|||||
[CSE] Message number 8 for the tag beginning in line 13:10:
[69] If this is a data table then row and column headers
must be used. See section 1194.22 (g).
13:
---------------|||||
[CSE] Message number 9 for the tag beginning in line 13:10:
[71] If this is a data table then markup must be used to
associate data cells and header cells that have two or more
logical levels of row or column headers. For example, use
"thead", "tfoot", and "tbody" to group rows and "col" and
"colgroup" to group columns. See section 1194.22 (h).
13:
---------------|||||
[CSE] Message number 10 for the tag beginning in line 13:10:
[46] Consider using a "summary" attribute with this "table"
tag to provide a summary of the table's purpose and
structure for user agents rendering to non-visual media such
as speech and Braille. However, this attribute is not widely
supported.
13:
---------------|||||
[CSE] Message number 11 for the tag beginning in line 13:10:
[5] The "table" element is an official HTML 4.01/XHTML
element but may not be supported by older or nongraphical
browsers. Furthermore, nongraphical browsers that do support
tables may not support them the way that you expect.
However, most browsers used today should support this
element.
13:
---------------------------------||||||
[CSE] Message number 12 for the tag beginning in line 13:28:
[5] The "height" attribute for the "table" element is not an
official HTML/XHTML attribute and is currently only
supported by some versions of Internet Explorer and
Netscape. Note that Netscape 6.0+ does not support this
attribute.
14:
-------|||||
[CSE] Message number 13 for the tag beginning in line 14:2:
[5] The "tbody", "thead", and "tfoot" elements are official
HTML 4.01/XHTML elements and are supported by Internet
Explorer 3.0+, Netscape 6.0+, and most newer browsers.
However, Opera 6 has partial support for "tfoot" because it
is always displayed at the bottom of a table but styles are
not assigned. Opera 6- does not support "tbody" and "thead".
Netscape 4.x- does not support any of these elements at all.
15:
16:
17:
18:
19:
20:
21:
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[CSE] Message number 14 for the tag beginning in line 21:5:
[5] The "background" attribute for the "td" and "th"
elements is not an official HTML/XHTML attribute and is only
supported by Internet Explorer 3.0+ and Netscape 4.0+. Other
browsers may not support this attribute. For instance,
Netscape 3.0 does not support this attribute.
22:
23:
24:
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[CSE] Message number 15 for the tag beginning in line 24:10:
[71] If this is a data table then markup must be used to
associate data cells and header cells that have two or more
logical levels of row or column headers. For example, use
"thead", "tfoot", and "tbody" to group rows and "col" and
"colgroup" to group columns. See section 1194.22 (h).
24:
---------------|||||
[CSE] Message number 16 for the tag beginning in line 24:10:
[87] The "table" tag is contained in a "center" tag.
Different browsers may render this very differently. For
example, Internet Explorer 6.0 may center the table cell
content (depending on the DOCTYPE) while Internet Explorer
5.5 does not. However, both will center the table itself. If
you want to center the table, then you should use
"align=center" in the "table" tag.
24:
---------------|||||
[CSE] Message number 17 for the tag beginning in line 24:10:
[69] If this is a data table then row and column headers
must be used. See section 1194.22 (g).
24:
---------------|||||
[CSE] Message number 18 for the tag beginning in line 24:10:
[46] Consider using a "summary" attribute with this "table"
tag to provide a summary of the table's purpose and
structure for user agents rendering to non-visual media such
as speech and Braille. However, this attribute is not widely
supported.
24:
-------------------------------------------------------||||
[CSE] Message number 19 for the tag beginning in line 24:50:
[5] The "cols" attribute for the "table" element is not an
official HTML/XHTML attribute and is only supported by
Internet Explorer 3.0+ and Netscape 4.0+. Other browsers may
not support this attribute. Note that the purpose of this
attribute is to specify the number of columns in the table,
helping the browser to render the table faster (as it is
downloaded). Otherwise, the entire table structure may need
to be received in order for the browser to determine the
number of columns and the column widths.
25:
26:
27:
28:
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[CSE] Message number 20 for the tag beginning in line 28:14:
[69] If this is a data table then row and column headers
must be used. See section 1194.22 (g).
28:
-------------------|||||
[CSE] Message number 21 for the tag beginning in line 28:14:
[71] If this is a data table then markup must be used to
associate data cells and header cells that have two or more
logical levels of row or column headers. For example, use
"thead", "tfoot", and "tbody" to group rows and "col" and
"colgroup" to group columns. See section 1194.22 (h).
28:
-------------------|||||
[CSE] Message number 22 for the tag beginning in line 28:14:
[87] The "table" tag is contained in a "center" tag.
Different browsers may render this very differently. For
example, Internet Explorer 6.0 may center the table cell
content (depending on the DOCTYPE) while Internet Explorer
5.5 does not. However, both will center the table itself. If
you want to center the table, then you should use
"align=center" in the "table" tag.
28:
-------------------|||||
[CSE] Message number 23 for the tag beginning in line 28:14:
[46] Consider using a "summary" attribute with this "table"
tag to provide a summary of the table's purpose and
structure for user agents rendering to non-visual media such
as speech and Braille. However, this attribute is not widely
supported.
29:
30:
31:
Coin
--------------------------------------------------------|||||||
[CSE] Message number 24 for the tag beginning in line 31:51:
[9] The "bgcolor", "height", "nowrap", and "width"
attributes for the "td" and "th" elements are deprecated in
HTML 4.01/XHTML in favor of using style sheets (use the CSS
"background-color" property instead of the "bgcolor"
property).
31:
Coin
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------||||
[CSE] Message number 25 for the tag beginning in line 31:81:
[9] The "font" element and all of its attributes are
deprecated in HTML 4.01/XHTML in favor of using style sheets
(use the CSS "color", "font", "font-family", "font-size",
and other font properties instead).
31:
--------------------|||||
[CSE] Message number 27 for the tag beginning in line 37:15:
[44] Consider using a "caption" element to describe the
nature of this table. Use this element immediately after the
"table" start tag.
38:
39:
40:
41:
-------------------|||||
[CSE] Message number 28 for the tag beginning in line 41:14:
[71] If this is a data table then markup must be used to
associate data cells and header cells that have two or more
logical levels of row or column headers. For example, use
"thead", "tfoot", and "tbody" to group rows and "col" and
"colgroup" to group columns. See section 1194.22 (h).
41:
-------------------|||||
[CSE] Message number 29 for the tag beginning in line 41:14:
[87] The "table" tag is contained in a "center" tag.
Different browsers may render this very differently. For
example, Internet Explorer 6.0 may center the table cell
content (depending on the DOCTYPE) while Internet Explorer
5.5 does not. However, both will center the table itself. If
you want to center the table, then you should use
"align=center" in the "table" tag.
41:
-------------------|||||
[CSE] Message number 30 for the tag beginning in line 41:14:
[69] If this is a data table then row and column headers
must be used. See section 1194.22 (g).
41:
-------------------|||||
[CSE] Message number 31 for the tag beginning in line 41:14:
[46] Consider using a "summary" attribute with this "table"
tag to provide a summary of the table's purpose and
structure for user agents rendering to non-visual media such
as speech and Braille. However, this attribute is not widely
supported.
42:
43:
44:
45:
46:
47:
48:
49:
Go HERE for a one page summary about how coins are shrunk (pdf)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------|||
[CSE] Message number 32 for the tag beginning in line 49:75:
[31] The "big" tag was opened in another "big" tag (which
was opened in line 49). Normally this does not cause any
problems, but some may not consider it to be good style.
49:
Go HERE for a one page summary about how coins are shrunk (pdf)
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|||
[CSE] Message number 33 for the tag beginning in line
49:146:
[31] The "big" tag was opened in another "big" tag (which
was opened in line 49). Normally this does not cause any
problems, but some may not consider it to be good style.
49:
Go HERE for a one page summary about how coins are shrunk (pdf)
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|||||
[CSE] Message number 34 for the tag beginning in line
49:186:
[7] Consider using something more descriptive than "HERE".
Using "HERE" for a link description is considered to be bad
style.
49:
Go HERE for a one page summary about how coins are shrunk (pdf)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|||
[CSE] Message number 35 for the tag beginning in line
49:261:
[31] The "big" tag was opened in another "big" tag (which
was opened in line 49). Normally this does not cause any
problems, but some may not consider it to be good style.
50:
Go HERE for all the gory technical details - how it REALLY works
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------|||
[CSE] Message number 36 for the tag beginning in line 50:75:
[31] The "big" tag was opened in another "big" tag (which
was opened in line 50). Normally this does not cause any
problems, but some may not consider it to be good style.
50:
Go HERE for all the gory technical details - how it REALLY works
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|||
[CSE] Message number 37 for the tag beginning in line
50:146:
[31] The "big" tag was opened in another "big" tag (which
was opened in line 50). Normally this does not cause any
problems, but some may not consider it to be good style.
50:
Go HERE for all the gory technical details - how it REALLY works
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------||||
[CSE] Message number 38 for the tag beginning in line
50:176:
[7] Consider using something more descriptive than "HERE".
Using "HERE" for a link description is considered to be bad
style.
50:
Go HERE for all the gory technical details - how it REALLY works
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|||
[CSE] Message number 39 for the tag beginning in line
50:250:
[31] The "big" tag was opened in another "big" tag (which
was opened in line 50). Normally this does not cause any
problems, but some may not consider it to be good style.
51:
Go HERE for the reconstructed history
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------|||
[CSE] Message number 40 for the tag beginning in line 51:75:
[31] The "big" tag was opened in another "big" tag (which
was opened in line 51). Normally this does not cause any
problems, but some may not consider it to be good style.
51:
Go HERE for the reconstructed history
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|||
[CSE] Message number 41 for the tag beginning in line
51:146:
[31] The "big" tag was opened in another "big" tag (which
was opened in line 51). Normally this does not cause any
problems, but some may not consider it to be good style.
51:
Go HERE for the reconstructed history
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------||||
[CSE] Message number 42 for the tag beginning in line
51:184:
[7] Consider using something more descriptive than "HERE".
Using "HERE" for a link description is considered to be bad
style.
51:
Go HERE for the reconstructed history
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|||
[CSE] Message number 43 for the tag beginning in line
51:258:
[31] The "big" tag was opened in another "big" tag (which
was opened in line 51). Normally this does not cause any
problems, but some may not consider it to be good style.
52: of Quarter Shrinking
53:
Go HERE to learn more about Pulsed
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------|||
[CSE] Message number 44 for the tag beginning in line 53:75:
[31] The "big" tag was opened in another "big" tag (which
was opened in line 53). Normally this does not cause any
problems, but some may not consider it to be good style.
53:
Go HERE to learn more about Pulsed
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|||
[CSE] Message number 45 for the tag beginning in line
53:146:
[31] The "big" tag was opened in another "big" tag (which
was opened in line 53). Normally this does not cause any
problems, but some may not consider it to be good style.
53:
Go HERE to learn more about Pulsed
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|||||
[CSE] Message number 46 for the tag beginning in line
53:174:
[7] Consider using something more descriptive than "HERE".
Using "HERE" for a link description is considered to be bad
style.
53:
Go HERE to learn more about Pulsed
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|||
[CSE] Message number 47 for the tag beginning in line
53:249:
[31] The "big" tag was opened in another "big" tag (which
was opened in line 53). Normally this does not cause any
problems, but some may not consider it to be good style.
54: Power
55:
Go HERE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------|||
[CSE] Message number 48 for the tag beginning in line 55:75:
[31] The "big" tag was opened in another "big" tag (which
was opened in line 55). Normally this does not cause any
problems, but some may not consider it to be good style.
55:
Go HERE
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------||||
[CSE] Message number 49 for the tag beginning in line
55:110:
[7] Consider using something more descriptive than "HERE".
Using "HERE" for a link description is considered to be bad
style.
56: to order your own shrunken coins
--------------------------------------------|||
[CSE] Message number 50 for the tag beginning in line 56:39:
[31] The "big" tag was opened in another "big" tag (which
was opened in line 55). Normally this does not cause any
problems, but some may not consider it to be good style.
57:
58:
59:
60:
61:
62:
63:
64:
65:
66:
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[CSE] Message number 51 for the tag beginning in line 66:15:
[44] Consider using a "caption" element to describe the
nature of this table. Use this element immediately after the
"table" start tag.
67:
68:
69:
70:
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[CSE] Message number 52 for the tag beginning in line 70:18:
[9] The "align" attribute is deprecated in HTML 4.01/XHTML
in favor of using style sheets (use the CSS "text-align"
property instead).
71:
72:
73:
74:
75:
76:
77:
78: Side view of the Quarter Shrinker, showing the Lexan blast shield with
79: 40 pound transformer helping to hold it in place. The large gray rectangular
80: objects are older GE energy discharge caps. These have since been replaced
81: with more robust Maxwell capacitors. The trigatron switch (small cylinder
82: with spark plug), bleeder resistor bank, and 10,000 volt fuse can also be
83: seen.
84:
85:
86:
87:
88:
89: An example of a work coil showing magnet wire with dowels and coin above
90: it. The dowels and coin are inserted into the coil, taped together, and then
91: bolted onto the copper bus bars of the shrinker. The work coil must be contained
92: inside the blast shield, since it explode during the shrinking process, creating
93: a potentially lethal shower of high velocity copper fragments.
94:
95:
96:
97:
98: Almost ready to go... the work coil is now in position, firmly bolted
99: to the Shrinker's copper bus bars. The blast shield is placed over the coil
100: and weighted down. The big energy discharge capacitors are then charged to
101: the desired voltage, storing a large amount of potential energy. This energy
102: is very suddenly released, into the work coil, creating an extrememly powerful
103: pulsed magnetic field inside. The magnetic field crushes the coin and simultaneously
104: explodes the work coil.
105:
106:
107:
108:
109:
110:
111:
112: FIRE! The Shrinker is "fired" remotely... you really don't want to
113: be anywhere near the unit when it fires. The pulsed magnetic field can
114: erase credit cards. And yes, it makes a BIG BANG!
115:
116:
117:
118:
119: Contrast enhanced image showing the plasma ball, which is about 8"
120: in diameter. Current is interrupted when the coil explodes, and most of
121: the remaining energy is expended in the plasma. Any remaining energy is
122: dissipated by bleeder resistors.
123:
124:
125:
126:
127: What's left of the coil that held the coins after the blast. The coil
128: fragments explode outwards at bullet-like velocity. The wooden dowel end
129: pieces are shattered by the blast, being held together only by the electricians
130: tape
131:
132:
133:
134:
135:
136:
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[CSE] Error number 1 in line 136:39:
[66] The "img" element requires the "alt" and/or "longdesc"
attribute(s) to specify a text equivalent. See section
1194.22 (a).
136:
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[CSE] Warning number 2 in line 136:39:
[13] HTML 4.01/XHTML requires that the "alt" attribute be
used with the "img" element. "alt" lets authors specify
alternate text to serve as content when the image cannot be
displayed. Use alt="" when alternate text is not
appropriate, such as when images are intended to format a
page (such as spacer images).
137: A close-up of some of the longer wire fragments, showing the effects
138: of tensile fracture and axial compression. A narrow band of melting can
139: also be seen where the current was concentrated due to skin effect and
140: proximity effect..
141:
142:
143:
144:
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[CSE] Error number 2 in line 144:39:
[66] The "img" element requires the "alt" and/or "longdesc"
attribute(s) to specify a text equivalent. See section
1194.22 (a).
144:
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[CSE] Warning number 3 in line 144:39:
[13] HTML 4.01/XHTML requires that the "alt" attribute be
used with the "img" element. "alt" lets authors specify
alternate text to serve as content when the image cannot be
displayed. Use alt="" when alternate text is not
appropriate, such as when images are intended to format a
page (such as spacer images).
145: A group of shrunken quarters showing the effects of increasing energy
146: levels. At higher levels, a quarter becomes 0.1" SMALLER than a dime! During
147: the shrinking process, the induced current in the outer rim of the coin
148: may exceed 1 million amperes.
149:
150:
151:
152:
153: A close-up of view of Washington's shrunken head. Although the pattern is basically
154: maintained, there is some relative shifting between some of the features.
155: The radiating lines on the shrunken coin are called "Luder's Lines".
156: (Warning - large image)
157:
158:
159:
160:
161:
162:
163: A close-up view of the reverse side of a Delaware quarter. Radiating
164: Luder's lines show the effects of strain as the metal was compressed, overcoming
165: its yield strength. The invisible magnetic field reshaped the coin in less
166: than 30 millionths of a second!
167: (Warning - large image)
168:
169:
170:
171:
172:
A brass Japanese 5 Yen coin demonstrates how the compressive forces squeeze
173: the entire coin. Not only does the coin shrink, but the center hole closes
174: up in the process. This coin was hit with about 5700 joules.
175:
176:
177:
178:
179: Here's an older style New York City transit token. A Chrysler
180: emblem or a starfish? The metal is a nickel copper alloy and is a poorer
181: electrical conductor. It took more energy to achieve the same effect.
182:
183:
184:
185:
186:
187:
188:
A Kennedy clad half dollar is reduced to a diameter smaller than a US
189: quarter at a power level of 6,500 joules. Kennedy's dated between 1964-1970
190: are made with 40% silver, and require lower power than later "silverless"
191: ones to prevent surface melting..
192:
193:
194:
195:
196:
An Eisenhower clad dollar is reduced from about 1.5" to 1.125" using
197: 6,500 joules. A small amount of "toroiding" can be seen as the work coil
198: exploded before entire coin could shrink.
199:
200:
201:
202:
The new USA Sacagawea "Golden Dollar" is actually a clad coin! The outer
203: layers are a manganese brass alloy, while the inner core consists of pure
204: copper. This coin shrunk beautifully at 6,500 joules.
205:
206:
207:
208:
209:
Here's the reverse side of the same Sacagawea. Most of the time these
210: coins really turn out beautifully! During shrinking, the more highly conductive
211: copper center shrinks a bit more, making the clad construction considerably
212: more obvious.
213:
214:
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[CSE] Error number 3 in line 214:38:
[66] The "img" element requires the "alt" and/or "longdesc"
attribute(s) to specify a text equivalent. See section
1194.22 (a).
214:
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[CSE] Warning number 4 in line 214:38:
[13] HTML 4.01/XHTML requires that the "alt" attribute be
used with the "img" element. "alt" lets authors specify
alternate text to serve as content when the image cannot be
displayed. Use alt="" when alternate text is not
appropriate, such as when images are intended to format a
page (such as spacer images).
215:
A Susan B. Anthony dollar shows some interesting shifting of surface
216: features. Compare the space between her chin and her left shoulder and
217: the lettering just to the right of her chin between the original and shrunken
218: coin. Also, compare the locations of the Denver mint mark.
219:
220:
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[CSE] Error number 4 in line 220:55:
[66] The "img" element requires the "alt" and/or "longdesc"
attribute(s) to specify a text equivalent. See section
1194.22 (a).
220:
------------------------------------------------------------|||
[CSE] Warning number 5 in line 220:55:
[13] HTML 4.01/XHTML requires that the "alt" attribute be
used with the "img" element. "alt" lets authors specify
alternate text to serve as content when the image cannot be
displayed. Use alt="" when alternate text is not
appropriate, such as when images are intended to format a
page (such as spacer images).
221:
The reverse side also shows some interesting surface feature shifting
222: - notice that part of the e "E Pluribus Unum" lettering has slipped
223: underneath the eagle's wing! The outer clad layer is actually being "dragged"
224: by the inner copper layer which shrinks to a slightly greater degree.
225:
226:
227:
228:
229:
230:
Due to its smaller size, a dime takes significantly less energy to shrink.
231: This clad dime was hit with 6,000 joules. Roosevelt's features are altered
232: a bit (he ages 30 years, develops a long nose and gets Jay Leno's chin).
233: The result is a cute little M&M shaped pill of a coin that's about
234: 60% of its starting diameter.
235:
236:
237:
238:
239:
Here's a United Kingdom bimetal 2 Pound Coin that's also been shrunk
240: with 6300 joules. The center shrunk a little bit more than the outer ring,
241: permitting the center to pop loose.
242:
243:
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[CSE] Error number 5 in line 243:33:
[66] The "img" element requires the "alt" and/or "longdesc"
attribute(s) to specify a text equivalent. See section
1194.22 (a).
243:
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[CSE] Warning number 6 in line 243:33:
[13] HTML 4.01/XHTML requires that the "alt" attribute be
used with the "img" element. "alt" lets authors specify
alternate text to serve as content when the image cannot be
displayed. Use alt="" when alternate text is not
appropriate, such as when images are intended to format a
page (such as spacer images).
244:
A Canadian "Twonie" has the center loosened at 6,500 joules, but the
245: center is still held captive. At 14,000 joules, Rob Stephens, a friend
246: and fellow coin shrinker in Canada, was able to separate the coin into
247: two independent pieces.
248:
249:
250:
251:
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[13] HTML 4.01/XHTML requires that the "alt" attribute be
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alternate text to serve as content when the image cannot be
displayed. Use alt="" when alternate text is not
appropriate, such as when images are intended to format a
page (such as spacer images).
252:
Older Indian Head Pennies shrink very nicely! The combination of
253: the balanced patterns on the front and rear, combined with the soft bronze
254: alloy result in very uniform shrinkage.
255:
256:
257:
Reverse side of the Indian Head penny. The coin shrunk to about 75%
258: of its original diameter at a relatively modest power level of 4.000 joules.
259:
260:
261:
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[CSE] Error number 7 in line 261:36:
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[CSE] Warning number 8 in line 261:36:
[13] HTML 4.01/XHTML requires that the "alt" attribute be
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alternate text to serve as content when the image cannot be
displayed. Use alt="" when alternate text is not
appropriate, such as when images are intended to format a
page (such as spacer images).
262:
From a fellow coin shrinker, Peter Ledlie, comes a "before" and "after"
263: shot of a square brass coal token. The greater shrinkage in the flat section
264: of the token was not anticipated beforehand.
265:
266:
267:
268:
269:
270: Here's the reverse side of a German 1 Euro coin before and after blasting
271: with 6,300 joules. The outer ring shrinks to about 90% of its original
272: diameter. The center portion shrinks even more, freeing it from the outer
273: ring.
274:
275:
276: The reverse side of a German 2 Euro coin before and after being hit
277: with 6,300 joules. The poorly conducting outer ring only shrank about
278: 0.010". However, the center shrinks more, freeing it from the outer ring.
279:
280:
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[CSE] Error number 8 in line 280:57:
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[CSE] Warning number 9 in line 280:57:
[13] HTML 4.01/XHTML requires that the "alt" attribute be
used with the "img" element. "alt" lets authors specify
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281:
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[CSE] Error number 9 in line 281:29:
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[CSE] Warning number 10 in line 281:29:
[13] HTML 4.01/XHTML requires that the "alt" attribute be
used with the "img" element. "alt" lets authors specify
alternate text to serve as content when the image cannot be
displayed. Use alt="" when alternate text is not
appropriate, such as when images are intended to format a
page (such as spacer images).
282: Even coins with scalloped edges work as long as they are symmetrical.
283: Here, a Hong Kong 20 Cent coin was reduced to about 87% of its original
284: diameter at a power level of 5,000 joules.
285:
286:
287:
288:
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[CSE] Error number 10 in line 288:65:
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[CSE] Warning number 11 in line 288:65:
[13] HTML 4.01/XHTML requires that the "alt" attribute be
used with the "img" element. "alt" lets authors specify
alternate text to serve as content when the image cannot be
displayed. Use alt="" when alternate text is not
appropriate, such as when images are intended to format a
page (such as spacer images).
289:
This French 10 Franc bimetal coin ended up with a center that's smaller
290: than the outer ring, and after shrinking, the two halves came apart! This
291: coin was blasted with about 6,300 joules.
292:
293:
294:
This triggered spark gap switch, called a Trigatron, was built
295: by Robert Stephens of the AREA31
296: Research Facility in Ontario, Canada. The original Plexiglas
297: plate fractured from the heat and shockwave at 8,000 J. It has now been
298: replaced by a 1/2" Lexan plate.
299:
300:
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[CSE] Error number 11 in line 300:64:
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[CSE] Warning number 12 in line 300:64:
[13] HTML 4.01/XHTML requires that the "alt" attribute be
used with the "img" element. "alt" lets authors specify
alternate text to serve as content when the image cannot be
displayed. Use alt="" when alternate text is not
appropriate, such as when images are intended to format a
page (such as spacer images).
301: Phil Rembold's 1 Ton Quarter Shrinker! 60 kV Pulse Caps Blast Quarters
302: into toroids! At 45 kV, compression is concentrated only at the OUTER rim
303: - the force may end before it can propagate into the center of the coin.
304:
305:
306:
307:
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[CSE] Warning number 13 in line 307:33:
[13] HTML 4.01/XHTML requires that the "alt" attribute be
used with the "img" element. "alt" lets authors specify
alternate text to serve as content when the image cannot be
displayed. Use alt="" when alternate text is not
appropriate, such as when images are intended to format a
page (such as spacer images).
308: A 6,000 Joule "high voltage" shot by Bill Emery - It is thought that
309: the compressive shock wave ended before it had a chance to completely propagate
310: to the center of the coin due to the premature explosion of the work coil.
311: This creates a "Quarter Toroid".
312:
313:
314:
Believe it or not, this "Quarter Ball" was once a Delaware quarter.
315: Created by two friends in Texas, Bill Emery and Phil Rembold, who used
316: 21,000 joules to crunch it to this size. The coin's diameter is now actually
317: SMALLER
318: than its thickness!
319:
320:
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[CSE] Warning number 14 in line 320:33:
[13] HTML 4.01/XHTML requires that the "alt" attribute be
used with the "img" element. "alt" lets authors specify
alternate text to serve as content when the image cannot be
displayed. Use alt="" when alternate text is not
appropriate, such as when images are intended to format a
page (such as spacer images).
321:
Another "Quarter Toroid". Bill Emery and Phil Rembold used 45 kV blast
322: to reshape this quarter into a toroid 0.44" in diameter and 0.22" thick!
323: The resulting blast must be done in a steel containment vessel topped by
324: sandbags. It sounds like exploding dynamite!
325:
326:
327:
328:
329:
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[CSE] Warning number 15 in line 329:58:
[13] HTML 4.01/XHTML requires that the "alt" attribute be
used with the "img" element. "alt" lets authors specify
alternate text to serve as content when the image cannot be
displayed. Use alt="" when alternate text is not
appropriate, such as when images are intended to format a
page (such as spacer images).
330:
Once in a while, a coin shrinks very unevenly due to internal bonding
331: failures between the inner copper layer and the outer cupro nickel alloy
332: cladding layers. These "Mutant Coins" could be considered the "error coins"
333: of quarter shrinking...
334:
335:
336:
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[13] HTML 4.01/XHTML requires that the "alt" attribute be
used with the "img" element. "alt" lets authors specify
alternate text to serve as content when the image cannot be
displayed. Use alt="" when alternate text is not
appropriate, such as when images are intended to format a
page (such as spacer images).
337:
338:
Here's the front side of the Kentucky Mutant Coin. It looks like ole'
339: George has sprouted a real "honker" and aged another 30 years. But he's
340: also been working out - just look at those neck muscles...
341:
Another form of "mutation" comes from a fellow shrinker in the UK, Mike Harrison.
347: The grain pattern of the wooden dowels impressed itself into the coin,
348: becoming enhanced during shrinking process. The "stripes" align with the
349: grain of the wood in one of the dowels.
350:
351:
352:
353:
354:
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[CSE] Error number 16 in line 354:58:
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[CSE] Warning number 17 in line 354:58:
[13] HTML 4.01/XHTML requires that the "alt" attribute be
used with the "img" element. "alt" lets authors specify
alternate text to serve as content when the image cannot be
displayed. Use alt="" when alternate text is not
appropriate, such as when images are intended to format a
page (such as spacer images).
355:
Even large coins, such as Morgans or Silver Eagles work - here's an
356: example showing the "before" and "after" size comparison on a Morgan Silver
357: Dollar after a 6300 Joule shot. And no, the dates don't change during the
358: shrinking process...
359:
360:
361:
362:
Even gold bullion coins can be used! Here's a gold 2002 Half Eagle that
363: a collector sent to be shrunk (Yes,. he wanted it back!). The gold, copper,
364: and silver alloy turned out to be surprisingly tough. This coin was lovingly
365: blasted with 5,000 joules. After the dust cleared, it was reduced to about
366: 91% of its original diameter.
367:
368:
369:
370: The same shrinking conditions sometimes show different results! These
371: Sacagawea dollars were all shrunk with the same energy under the same conditions. However, the surface
372: roughness between coins is much different. I suspect this effect may be due to differences
373: in processing the metal strips used to make the coin blanks (planchettes)
374: at the mint.
375:
376:
377:
378:
379:
380:
381: Another token from Peter Ledlie - although the shrinking forces were uniform,
382: the holes in the coin caused uneven shrinkage as the holes collapsed. Similar
383: behavior can occur with certain coins that have high surface features (Proof
384: Coins) or asymmetric features.
385:
386:
387:
388:
389: Because of it excellent electrical conductivity and softness, aluminum coins
390: shrink very well! Here's a group of Japanese 1 Yen coins from Peter Ledlie
391: showing medium and extreme shrinkage - the coin on the far right is about
392: 2.5X as thick as its diameter!
393:
394:
395: Magnetic forces reshape the work coil before it explodes. If a smaller
396: amount of energy is applied to the work coil, the coil doesn't explode,
397: and the radial expansion and axial compression of the work coil can be
398: seen. By carefully centering the coin, maximum balanced forces can be applied
399: for shrinking the coin
400:
401:
402:
403:
404:
405: The same system can also crush a can. In this case, the work coil consists of 3 turns of #4 AWG solid
406: copper wire insulated with vinyl tubing. Since the coil remains intact,
407: most of the energy is dissipated in the spark gap switch. The fully ringing
408: discharge is very tough on the pulse capacitors and the spark gap.
409:
410:
411:
412: Slim 'n' trim aluminum cans. The center can was hit with about 3000
413: joules. Higher energy levels rip the can apart due to heating and softening of the aluminum walls and the sudden compression of
414: the interior air. The compression occurs so quickly that trapped air can't escape, and the weakenned can is blown apart.
415:
416:
417:
418:
419:
420: More examples of crushed pop cans and various low power levels. Because of
421: its much better electrical conductivity, aluminum cans crush much better
422: than steel cans. Higher power. Large diameter copper tubing can also be necked
423: down by the same process.
424:
425:
426:
427:
428: 1700 pounds of pulse caps! These low inductance Maxwell pulse caps
429: are each rated at 70 uF @ 12 kV, peak current of 100,000 amps, and they weigh 165 pounds
430: apiece. These have replaced failing GE caps in the redesigned Quarter Shrinker.
431: The new design will use a bipolar charging supply of +/- 12 kV.
432:
433:
434: Four caps connected in series/parallel will provide up to 24 kJ of
435: shrinking power in the New Shrinker. The cylindrical object in the center
436: is a special Current Viewing Resistor (CVR) made to measure currents up
437: to 300,000 amperes. A floating sample-and-hold amplifier will help measure
438: peak currents.
439:
440:
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[CSE] Error number 17 in line 440:65:
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440:
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[CSE] Warning number 18 in line 440:65:
[13] HTML 4.01/XHTML requires that the "alt" attribute be
used with the "img" element. "alt" lets authors specify
alternate text to serve as content when the image cannot be
displayed. Use alt="" when alternate text is not
appropriate, such as when images are intended to format a
page (such as spacer images).
441: Instead of a trigatron, the new Quarter Shrinker will use a wide range
442: solenoid triggered switch. This will permit consistent triggering for capacitor
443: bank voltages between 5 kV and 24 kV and will also provide a larger space
444: for plasma expansion switching. This will permit reliable switching pulses of over 20,000 joules.
445:
446:
447:
448:
449:
450: Another shot of the solenoid triggered gap. The solid brass electrodes
451: were initially fabricated by California shrinker Brian Basura, and were planned
452: to be part of a new Trigatron. However, I decided that a solenoid gap would
453: provide significantly more flexibility. Electrodes come close, but don't
454: touch, thus preventing contact welding.
455:
456:
457:
458:
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458:
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[CSE] Warning number 19 in line 458:34:
[13] HTML 4.01/XHTML requires that the "alt" attribute be
used with the "img" element. "alt" lets authors specify
alternate text to serve as content when the image cannot be
displayed. Use alt="" when alternate text is not
appropriate, such as when images are intended to format a
page (such as spacer images).
459: One of Mother Nature's pulsed power displays. This massive positive
460: lightning bolt originated at the top of a storm, and hit the ground ~5
461: miles away! This "Bolt from the Blue" probably surprised nearby folks
462: who could look up and see clear blue sky above! Positive lightning is "hot"
463: with higher peak current that also flows longer than more common (negative)
464: lightning from the storm's cloud base.
465:
466:
467:
468:
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[CSE] Error number 19 in line 468:29:
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468:
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[CSE] Warning number 20 in line 468:29:
[13] HTML 4.01/XHTML requires that the "alt" attribute be
used with the "img" element. "alt" lets authors specify
alternate text to serve as content when the image cannot be
displayed. Use alt="" when alternate text is not
appropriate, such as when images are intended to format a
page (such as spacer images).
469: Some TRUE Pulsed Power! Sandia's Awesome
470: Z-Machine
471: -
472: the largest pulse generator in the world! 36 Marx Generators deliver 20
473: Million Amps for 10 nanoseconds for X-ray and fusion experiments. This
474: is the "left over" energy dissipating in water after the main pulse has
475: come and gone! The peak power in this discharge vastly exceeds that of
476: natural lightning
477:
478:
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[CSE] Message number 53 for the tag beginning in line
478:11:
[44] Consider using a "caption" element to describe the
nature of this table. Use this element immediately after the
"table" start tag.
479:
480:
Back to Stoneridge Engineering
481: Home
482:
483:
484:
485:
[CSE] Error number 20 in line 485:
Terminating validation due to too many warnings! Please
correct the previous warnings and recheck the document.
486:
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[CSE] Comment number 1:
You are using an unregistered, evaluation version of CSE
HTML Validator Professional and have validated 77 documents.
You may validate up to 23 more documents.
[CSE] Comment number 2:
[86] If you're concerned about top search engine rankings,
visit http://www.htmlvalidator.com/seo.html
[CSE] Comment number 3:
You can change the maximum number of warning messages to
display before the validation is terminated. This option is
in CSE HTML Validator's Validator Engine Options.
[CSE] Comment number 4:
Possibly misspelled words (55, 39 unique): AWG (1x), Basura
(1x), bot (1x), cupro (1x), CVR (1x), extrememly (1x), Hong
(1x), HTMLMarkup (1x), kJ (1x), Leno's (1x), millionths
(1x), Morgans (1x), ole (1x), Picures (1x), planchettes
(1x), Pluribus (1x), Pottstown (1x), qgap (1x), quarterball
(1x), Rembold's (1x), reshaped (1x), Sacagaweas (1x),
Sandia's (1x), shockwave (1x), silverless (1x), startspan
(1x), Tesla (1x), toroiding (1x), toroids (1x), Twonie (1x),
uF (1x), Unum (1x), weakenned (1x), WEBBOT (1x), Luder's
(2x), Ledlie (3x), trigatron (4x), Sacagawea (5x), kV (7x).
Complete list.
[CSE] Comment number 5:
[37] HTML document detected.
[CSE] Comment number 6:
[15] An ICRA label (a rating "meta" tag) was not found in
the "head" section of this document. Browsers that are
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[10] CSE HTML Validator Professional allows you to disable
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[CSE] Comment number 8:
[57] 28574 bytes; 19.8s@14.4Kbps, 9.9s@28.8, 5.7s@50,
4.5s@64, 2.2s@128, 0.7s@384, 0.6s@512, 0.4s@768,
0.2s@1.5Mbps, 0.0s@10Mbps.
[CSE] Comment number 9:
[14] 1.37s, 20 errors, 20 warnings, 53 messages, 9 validator
comments, 526 lines, 401 tags (288 closed), 2 document
comments, 39 entities, 1101 programs run.
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